Bernina Express

Route overview

The Bernina Express is a renowned scenic train service operated by the Rhätische Bahn (Rhaetian Railway) that links Chur, Switzerland, with Tirano, Italy. The route traverses the Swiss Alps, passing through the Engadin valley and over the Bernina Pass, which at 2,253 metres is the highest point reached by a railway in the Alps. The journey covers approximately 144 kilometres and uses metre-gauge tracks throughout. The service is not a single dedicated train but rather a branded express that combines several sections of the Rhaetian Railway network, including the Albula Line and the Bernina Line. The Bernina Express is celebrated for its panoramic carriages, which offer unobstructed views of the surrounding mountains, glaciers, and valleys. The route is part of the Rhaetian Railway in the Albula/Bernina Landscapes, inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008. The train runs year-round, although some sections may be subject to seasonal variations. The Bernina Express provides a direct connection between the Swiss and Italian rail networks, although passengers may need to change trains at Tirano to continue into Italy due to differences in gauge and electrification. The service is primarily aimed at tourists and leisure travellers, but it also serves local communities along the route.

History of the line

The Bernina Express as a named service was introduced in 1973, but its history is rooted in the construction of the Albula and Bernina railway lines in the early 20th century. The Albula Line, from Thusis to St. Moritz, was opened in 1903 and was a remarkable engineering achievement, featuring numerous tunnels, galleries, and the famous Landwasser Viaduct. The Bernina Line, from St. Moritz to Tirano, was completed in 1910 and was electrified from the outset, a pioneering decision for its time. The line was built to connect the Engadin valley with the Italian Valtellina, overcoming the challenging terrain of the Bernina Pass. The Bernina Railway was originally operated independently but was integrated into the Rhätische Bahn in 1943. The Bernina Express service was launched to promote tourism and showcase the spectacular scenery. In 2008, the Albula and Bernina lines were jointly designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognising their outstanding engineering and cultural significance. Over the years, the route has remained largely unchanged, preserving its historic character while adapting to modern passenger needs. The service has become a flagship product for the Rhätische Bahn and a major attraction for visitors to Switzerland.

Landscape and scenery

The Bernina Express traverses some of the most dramatic alpine scenery in Europe. From Chur, the route follows the Albula Valley, passing through deep gorges and over high viaducts, including the iconic Landwasser Viaduct, a curved limestone bridge that leads directly into a tunnel. The line climbs to the Engadin valley, a high plateau known for its lakes and dry, sunny climate. Beyond St. Moritz, the train ascends to the Bernina Pass, where passengers are treated to views of the Morteratsch Glacier and the surrounding peaks. The descent to Tirano is equally spectacular, with the line looping through the Brusio spiral viaduct, a circular stone structure designed to manage a steep gradient in a confined space. The landscape transitions from the high alpine environment of glaciers and rock to the milder, Mediterranean-influenced valleys of northern Italy, with vineyards and orchards. The route passes through several climatic zones, offering a diverse palette of flora and fauna. In winter, the scene is often blanketed in snow, while summer brings lush green meadows and wildflowers. The panoramic windows of the Bernina Express carriages are designed to maximise these views, making the journey a continuous visual experience.

Key stations and cities

The Bernina Express serves several notable stations and towns along its route. Chur, the starting point, is the oldest city in Switzerland and a major rail hub. Thusis marks the beginning of the Albula Line and is known for its medieval charm. St. Moritz is a world-famous resort town, host of the Winter Olympics twice, and a key stop where the Albula and Bernina lines meet. The Bernina Pass station, Ospizio Bernina, is the highest point on the route and offers access to hiking trails in summer. Poschiavo, a picturesque town in the Italian-speaking part of Switzerland, is noted for its Italianate architecture and cultural heritage. Tirano, the southern terminus, is an Italian town in the Valtellina valley, known for its basilica and as a gateway to the Italian rail network. Other notable stops include Samedan, Pontresina, and Alp Grüm, the latter offering panoramic views of the Palü Glacier. The route also passes through the Brusio spiral viaduct, a marvel of engineering that is visible from the train. Each station along the way has its own character and attractions, making the journey as much about the destinations as the travel itself.

Rolling stock and service

The Bernina Express typically uses specially designed panoramic carriages, which are hauled by locomotives of the Rhätische Bahn. These carriages feature large windows that extend into the roof, providing unobstructed views of the landscape. The trains are equipped with comfortable seating and are often accompanied by a minibar service or a dining car on certain services. The rolling stock is designed for the metre-gauge tracks and the steep gradients of the route. The locomotives used are primarily electric, reflecting the electrified nature of the line. The Bernina Express is a loco-hauled train, not a multiple unit, and the carriages are often from the Rhätische Bahn’s own fleet. In recent years, the Rhätische Bahn has introduced modernised carriages with improved amenities. The service operates daily, with at least one train in each direction during the main season, and additional services in peak periods. Reservations are recommended, especially in summer, as the panoramic carriages can be busy. The train also carries regular passengers, as it serves as a public transport link for the regions it passes through. The journey takes approximately four hours, depending on the exact service and any connections.

Technical facts and engineering

The Bernina Express route is a masterpiece of railway engineering. The line uses metre-gauge tracks (1,000 mm) and is electrified at 1,000 V DC on the Bernina Line and 11 kV 16.7 Hz AC on the Albula Line. The maximum gradient on the Bernina Line is 7%, which is among the steepest for a non-rack railway. The route includes numerous tunnels, galleries, and bridges, with the Landwasser Viaduct and the Brusio spiral viaduct being the most famous. The Brusio spiral viaduct is a single-track helical bridge that allows the train to descend a steep slope in a limited space. The Bernina Pass is the highest point on the route at 2,253 metres, and the line is often affected by snow in winter, requiring specialised snow clearing equipment. The Albula Line features the Albula Tunnel, which was replaced in 2023 by a new tunnel to improve reliability. The route is equipped with modern signalling and safety systems. The engineering challenges overcome during construction, such as the steep gradients and harsh weather conditions, are a testament to the skill of the engineers and builders. The line is maintained by the Rhätische Bahn and is a key part of the Swiss rail network.

Frequently asked questions

Q: Does the Bernina Express require a reservation? A: Yes, reservations are mandatory for the panoramic carriages of the Bernina Express, especially during peak seasons. However, regular trains on the same route do not require reservations. Q: Is the Bernina Express a high-speed train? A: No, it is a scenic train that travels at moderate speeds to allow passengers to enjoy the views. The journey from Chur to Tirano takes about four hours. Q: Can I travel the Bernina Express with a Eurail or Swiss Travel Pass? A: Yes, these passes are valid on the Bernina Express, but a reservation fee is still required for the panoramic carriages. Q: What is the best time of year to travel? A: The route is scenic year-round, but summer offers lush landscapes, while winter provides snowy vistas. However, some high-altitude sections may be affected by weather. Q: Are there food and drink facilities on board? A: Some services offer a minibar or dining car, but it is advisable to bring snacks and drinks, especially on longer journeys. Q: Is the train wheelchair accessible? A: The Rhätische Bahn provides accessible carriages on many services, but it is best to check in advance.